Schofield W., Breach M. Engineering Surveying

Elsevier, 2007. — 637 p. — ISBN 978-0-7506-6949-8.Engineering surveying involves determining the position of natural and man-made features on or beneath the Earth's surface and utilizing these features in the planning, design and construction of works. It is a critical part of any engineering project. Without an accurate understanding of the size, shape and nature of the site the project risks expensive and time-consuming errors or even catastrophic failure.Engineering Surveying 6th edition covers all the basic principles and practice of this complex subject and the authors bring expertise and clarity. Previous editions of this classic text have given readers a clear understanding of fundamentals such as vertical control, distance, angles and position right through to the most modern technologies, and this fully updated edition continues that tradition.This sixth edition includes:An introduction to geodesy to facilitate greater understanding of satellite systems
A fully updated chapter on GPS, GLONASS and GALILEO for satellite positioning in surveying
All new chapter on the important subject of rigorous estimation of control coordinates
Detailed material on mass data methods of photogrammetry and laser scanning and the role of inertial technology in themWith many worked examples and illustrations of tools and techniques, Engineering Surveying is essential reading for students and professionals alike involved in surveying, civil, structural and mining engineering, and related areas such as geography and mapping.Wilf Schofield was formerly Principal Lecturer in Civil Engineering at Kingston University; Mark Breach is the Principal Lecturer in Engineering Surveying at Nottingham Trent University and serves on technical committees of the RICS and ICES.Comprehensive introduction to surveying for engineers
All basic and advanced techniques explained and illustrated with worked examples
Expanded coverage of modern instrumentation and satellite positioningPreface to the sixth edition.
Preface to the fifth edition.
Acknowledgements.
Basic concepts of surveying.
Definition.
Principles.
Basic measurements.
Control networks.
Locating position.
Plotting detail.
Summary.
Error and uncertainty.
Units of measurement.
Significant figures.
Rounding numbers.
Errors in measurement.
Indices of precision.
Weight.
Rejection of outliers.
Combination of errors.
Vertical control.
Introduction.
Levelling.
Definitions.
Curvature and refraction.
Equipment.
Instrument adjustment.
Principle of levelling.
Sources of error.
Closure tolerances.
Error distribution.
Levelling applications.
Reciprocal levelling.
Precise levelling.
Digital levelling.
Trigonometrical levelling.
Heighting with GPS.
Distance measurement.
Tapes.
Field work.
Distance adjustment.
Errors in taping.
Accuracies.
Electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM).
Measuring principles.
Meteorological corrections.
Geometrical reductions.
Errors, checking and calibration.
Other error sources.
Instrument specifications.
Developments in EDM.
Angle measurement.
The theodolite.
Instrumental errors.
Instrument adjustment.
Field procedure.
Measuring angles.
Sources of error.
Conventional control surveys.
Plane rectangular coordinates.
Traversing.
Triangulation.
Networks.
Rigorous methods of control.
Introduction.
Principle of least squares.
Least squares applied to surveying.
Linearization.
Derivation of the least squares formulae.
Parameter vector.
Design matrix and observations vector.
Weight matrix.
Error analysis.
Variance-covariance matrix of the parameters.
Error ellipses.
Standard errors of derived quantities.
Blunder detection.
Reliability of the observations.
Summary of matrix relationships and applications of output statistics.
Network design.
Practical considerations.
Estimation in three dimensions.
Position.
Introduction.
Reference ellipsoid.
Coordinate systems.
Local systems.
Computation on the ellipsoid.
Datum Transformations.
Orthomorphic projection.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection.
Ordnance Survey National Grid.
Practical applications.
Satellite positioning.
Introduction.
GPS segments.
GPS receivers.
Satellite orbits.
Basic principle of position fixing.
Differencing data.
GPS observing methods.
Error sources.
GPS survey planning.
Transformation between reference systems.
Datums.
Virtual reference stations and networked GPS.
GLONASS.
GPS system future.
Wide area augmentation system (WAAS).
European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS).
Galileo.
The future for surveyors and engineers.
Applications.
Curves.
Circular curves.
Setting out curves.
Compound and reverse curves.
Short and/or small-radius curves.
Transition curves.
Setting-out data.
Cubic spiral and cubic parabola.
Curve transitional throughout.
The osculating circle.
Vertical curves.
Earthworks.
Areas.
Partition of land.
Cross-sections.
Dip and strike.
Volumes.
Mass-haul diagrams.
Setting out (dimensional control).
Responsibility on site.
Responsibility of the setting-out engineer.
Protection and referencing.
Basic setting-out procedures using coordinates.
Use of grids.
Setting out buildings.
Controlling verticality.
Controlling grading excavation.
Rotating lasers.
Laser hazards.
Route location.
Underground surveying.
Optical methods.
Mechanical methods.
Gyro-theodolite.
Line and level.
Mass data methods.
Introduction.
Photogrammetry.
Geometry of the aerial photograph.
Ground control.
Stereoscopy.
Restitution systems.
Terrestrial photogrammetry.
Digital ‘softcopy’ photogrammetry.
Laser scanners.
Comparison of photogrammetry and laser scanning.
Inertial systems.
Integration of GPS and inertial systems.
Appendix.
An introduction to matrix algebra.
The matrix and its algebra.
Addition and subtraction.
Multiplication.
Null matrix.
Transpose of a matrix.
Identity matrix.
Diagonal matrix.
The determinant of a matrix.
The inverse of a matrix.
Singularity, order, rank and degeneracy.
Orthogonal matrices.
Rotation matrices.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Index.