Wide Anders. Hand-Book of Medical and Orthopedic Gymnastics

Fifth Revised Edition in English. — New York, London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1902. — 373 p. With a Frontispiece, and 94 illustrations in the text.P.H. Ling classified and defined Gymnastics in the fol- lowing manner:
"Pedagogical Gymnastics, by which we leam to place our body under our control.'' Pedagogical Gymnastics is often called Educational Gymnastics, sometimes simply ''Gymnastics," and many of its forms of movement are also used in Medical Gymnastics. It is the basis of all Gymnastics, so that a special knowledge of the same is of importance to each practitioner of Gymnastics ; it is besides entirely through Pedagogical Gymnastics that we best develop our own body.
"Military Gymnastics, by which we try, through some object exterior to ourselves, i.e. weapons, or by our own physical power, to subject a second exterior will to our own will " ; thus including fencing or bearing of arms in general.
"Medical Gymnastics, by which, either alone, in a suitable position, or with the assistance of others, we try by means of influencing movements to alleviate or overcome the sufferings that have arisen through abnormal conditions.
"Esthetic Gymnastics, by which we try to physically exemplify our inner being - our thoughts and feelings."