Dickey E. Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek. A Lexicon and Analysis

Cambridge University Press, 2023. — xiii, 731 p. — ISBN 978-1-108-84100-9.Why, when, and how did speakers of ancient Greek borrow words from Latin? Which words did they borrow? Who used Latin loanwords, and how? Who avoided them, and why? How many words were borrowed, and what kind of word? How long did the loanwords survive? Until now, attempts to answer such questions have been based on incomplete and often misleading evidence, but this study offers the first comprehensive collection of evidence from papyri, inscriptions, and literature from the fifth century bc to the sixth century ad. That collection – included in the book as a lexicon of Latin loanwords – is examined using insights from linguistic work on modern languages to provide new answers that often differ strikingly from earlier ones. The analysis is accessibly presented, and the lexicon offers a firm foundation for future work in this area.List of figures page
Acknowledgements
Introduction
The parameters of this study
Latin and ancient Greek
Distinguishing loanwords from codeswitches
Frequency
Integration
Other criteria
Conclusions
Other borrowing phenomena related to loanwords
Derivatives and compounds formed from loanwords
Lexicon
Preliminary information
Lexicon
How were Latin words integrated into Greek? Spelling and inflection
Writing Latin words in Greek script
Outline of transcription practices
Utility for scholarship
The assimilation of Latin nouns and adjectives into Greek declensions
Distinguishing between nouns and adjectives
Adjectives
First-declension nouns
Second- and fourth-declension nouns
Third-declension nouns
Poetic forms
Latin words that acquired Greek suffixes as part of the borrowing process
Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
Loanwords whose forms were further influenced by Greek words
Compounds and univerbations created during the borrowing process
Derivatives of loanwords
Derivation by suffixation
Derivation by compounding or prefixation
Derivatives of derivatives
Conclusions
How were Latin loanwords accented in Greek?
The basic facts
Scholarly arguments
Assuming diachronic stability
Assuming diachronic change
Acute or circumflex?
Ancient evidence
Accented papyrus
Herodian’s pronouncements
Conclusions
Which Latin suffixes were borrowed into Greek?
-άριος from -ārius
-αρία from -āria
-άριον from -ārium?
-ιανός from -iānus
-ᾶτον from -ātum
-ᾶτος from -ātus
-ήσιος from -ēnsis?
-τωρ from -tor?
-άτωρ from -ātor
-ατίων from -ātiō
-ούρα/-οῦρα from -ūra?
-ῖνος from -īnus?
-ελλα from -ella?
Other suffixes
Conclusions
Why were some Latin words not integrated?
The use of Latin script
Latin script in Theophilus Antecessor
Latin script before the sixth century
Mixture of scripts within a single word
The use of Latin endings
Codeswitches with Latin endings
Loanwords with Latin endings?
Expressions consisting of multiple words
Conclusions
When were loanwords used?
Chronology of borrowings
Overall patterns
The earliest borrowings
Polybius and other early literature
Inscriptions and papyri before 100 bc
The first century bc
The imperial period
Latin words first attested in Greek
Survival of loanwords
Survival during antiquity
Loanwords in Byzantine Greek
Survival into modern Greek
Comparison with Greek loanwords in Latin
Conclusions
Where were loanwords used?
Overall patterns
Local and regional loanwords
The Acts of the Apostles and regional variation
Atticizing writers
Writers using large numbers of loanwords
The Edict of Diocletian
Historians of Rome
Medical writers
Hesychius
John Lydus
Legal writers
Conclusions
Which words were borrowed?
Cultural borrowings and core borrowings
Semantic fields
Typological comparison of direct borrowings
Internal Greek classification of borrowings and derivatives
To what extent are the loanwords connected to Roman political and military power?
Parts of speech
Direct borrowings
Derivatives of borrowings
Words relating to identity
‘Roman’
‘Christian’
Conclusions
Overall conclusions and remaining questions
Appendices
Appendix: raw numbers for figures
Appendix: what counts as a word?
Which variants constitute separate words?
The problem of names
Abbreviations
References
Index locorum
Index of Latin words