Levman Bryan G. Pāli and Buddhism: Language and Lineage

Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021. — 463 p. — ISBN 978-1-5275-7555-4.This book is a collection of essays on the history and evolution of the Pāli language, which preserves the earliest record of the Buddha’s teaching. Although only the Pāli record has survived, it argues that the Buddha also taught in several of the indigenous languages of northern India, including Dravidian, probably Munda and possibly others. Pāli was derived from a koiné or common language for inter-dialect communication between the different dialects spoken by the Indo-Aryan immigrants, but was also strongly influenced by the languages of the indigenous peoples, Dravidian and Munda. The language of the Buddha’s native clan, the Sakyas, was probably Dravidian, which had a Munda substrate. The Buddha was bi- or multilingual and taught in the Indo Aryan koiné of the immigrants, but also in the local language(s) of his people, whose impact may be found in extensive word and cultural borrowing from these languages into Indo-Aryan, and a significant phonological, morphological and syntactical imprint on Pāli and other Indo-Aryan languages. The book examines this influence and other factors of language change over time in the context of current theories of comparative philology.Introduction
The Lineage Paramparā
he Linguistic Scene at the Time of the Buddha
The Buddha’s Autochthonous Heritage
Structural Influence of Dravidian on Pāli
The Muṇda/muṇḍaka Crux: What Does the Word Mean?
Pālibhāsā The Language
The Language of Early Buddhism
The Evolution of Pāli
Pāli, The Transmission Sankamana
The Meaning of sati in the Burmese Tradition and an Introduction to the Pāli Myanmā Abhidhān’ Dictionary
Nasalization in Pāli: How to Pronounce “Buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gacchāmi”
Conclusions