Cleophas T.J., Zwinderman A.H. Kernel Ridge Regression in Clinical Research

Cham: Springer, 2022. — 292 p.IBM (international business machines) has published in its SPSS statistical software 2022 update a very important novel regression method entitled Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR). It is an extension of the currently available regression methods, and is suitable for pattern recognition in high dimensional data, particularly, when alternative methods fail. Its theoretical advantages are plenty and include the kernel trick for reduced arithmetic complexity,estimation of uncertainty by Gaussians unlike histograms,corrected data-overfit by ridge regularization,availability of 8 alternative kernel density models for datafit.
A very exciting and wide array of preliminary KRR research has already been published by major disciplines (like studies in quantum mechanics and nuclear physics, studies of molecular affinity / dynamics, atomisation energy studies, but also forecasting economics studies, IoT (internet of things) studies for e-networks, plant stress response studies, big data streaming studies, etc). In contrast, it is virtually unused in clinical research. This edition is the first textbook and tutorial of kernel ridge regressions for medical and healthcare students as well as recollection / update bench, and help desk for professionals. Each chapter can be studied as a standalone, and, using, real as well as hypothesized data, it tests the performance of the novel methodology against traditional regression analyses. Step by step analyses of over 20 data files stored at Supplementary Files at Springer Interlink are included for self-assessment. We should add that the authors are well qualified in their field. Professor Zwinderman is past-president of the International Society of Biostatistics (2012-2015) and Professor Cleophas is past-president of the American College of Angiology (2000-2002). From their expertise they should be able to make adequate selections of modern KRR methods for the benefit of physicians, students, and investigators. The authors have been working and publishing together for 24 years and their research can be characterized as a continued effort to demonstrate that clinical data analysis is not mathematics but rather a discipline at the interface of biology and mathematics.\\PrefaceTraditional Kernel RegressionKernel RegressionKernel Ridge Regression (KRR)History of Kernel Ridge Regression
Kernel Density Modeling
The Kernel Trick
Ridge RegularizationOptimal Scaling vs Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of the Traditional Linear Regressions
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge Regressions
In ConclusionOptimal Scaling
Traditional Regressions
Kernel Ridge Regressions Scale
Kernel Ridge Regressions Scale
Kernel Ridge Regressions ScaleSummary of the Traditional R Square Values of the Scales - Models
Summary of Kernel Ridge Regressions (KRR)Examples of Published Kernel Ridge Regressions So FarHistory of Kernel Ridge Regression
A Brief Search of Kernel Ridge Regression Publications So Far
Courses Where the Upcoming Edition ``Kernel Ridge Regression in Clinical Research´´ Will Be UsedSome TerminologyAlphabetical EnumerationEffect on Being Blind of Age/Sex Adjusted Mortality of Onchocerciasis Patients in , Personyears, Traditional vSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Old Treatment on New Treatment, Patients, Traditional Regressions vs Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Robust Regression
Quantile Regressions
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Gene Expressions on Drug Efficacy, Patients, Traditional Regressions vs Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Gender, Treatment, and Their Interactions on Numbers of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillations, Patients, TraSummaries of Two Predictor Regressions
Summaries of Three Predictor RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression with Two Predictors
Kernel Ridge Regression with Two Predictors
Traditional Linear Regression with Three Predictors
Kernel Ridge Regression with Three PredictorsSummaries of Two Predictor Regressions
Summaries of Three Predictor RegressionsEffect of Laboratory Predictors on Septic Mortality, Patients, Traditional Regression vs Kernel Ridge RegressiSummaries of the Traditional Regressions
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Test and Retest Reliability
Binary Logistic Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of the Traditional Regressions
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Month on Mean C-Reactive Protein, Months, Traditional Regressions vs Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Autocorrelations
Curvilinear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge Regressions
Autoregression Analysis
Data Example
Assessing Seasonality with Autocorrelations
Assessing Seasonality with Curvilinear Regressions
Assessing Seasonality with Kernel Ridge Regressions
Conclusions
Summaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Different Dosages of Prednisone and Beta-Agonist on Peakflow, Patients, Traditional Regressions vs KeSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example (Var = Variable)
Regressions with Inconstant Variability
Traditional Linear Regression
Weighted Least Squares Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Race, Age, and Gender on Physical Strength, Patients, Traditional Regressions vs Kernel Ridge RegressSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Restructuring Traditional Multiple Variables Regression
Unrestructured Traditional Regression
Restructured Traditional Regression
Unrestructured Kernel Ridge Regressions with Race as Categorical Predictor Variable
Restructured Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Treatment, Age, Gender, and Co-morbidity on Hours of Sleep, Patients, Traditional Regression vs KerneSummaries of Traditional Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Counseling and Non-compliance on Monthly Stools, Constipated Patients, Traditional Regressions vs KerSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Regression Analysis
Two Stage Least Squares (SLS)
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Treatment Modality, Counseling, and Satisfaction with Doctor on Quality of Life, Patients, TraditionSummaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Density RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Multinomial Regression
Ordinal Regression
Kernel Ridge Regression
Conclusions
Summaries of Traditional Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Density RegressionsEffect of Department and Patient-Age on Risk of Falling out of Bed, Patients, Traditional Regression vs KernelSummary of Traditional Regression with Multinomial Logistic Regression
Summary of Kernel Ridge RegressionData Example
Traditional Regression with Multinomial Logistic Regression
Kernel Ridge Regression
Conclusions
Traditional Regression with Multinomial Logistic Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Diet, Gender, Sport, and Medical Treatment on LDL Cholesterol Reduction, Patients, Traditional RegreSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Decision Tree Analysis (Exhaustive Testing)
Kernel Ridge Regression
Conclusions
Summaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Gender, Age, Weight, and Height on Measured Body Surface, Patients, Traditional Regression vs KernelSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Kernel Ridge Regression
Conclusions
Summaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionEffect of Physicians´ Characteristics on Their Inclination to Give Lifestyle Advise or Not, Physicians, TraditSummaries of Traditional Multiple Variables Logistic Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsPatient Example
Traditional Regression (Binary Logistic Regression)
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Multiple Variables Logistic Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Treatment, Psychological and Social Scores on Numbers of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillations, Patients, TSummary of Traditional Regressions
Summary of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regressions
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummary of Traditional Regressions
Summary of Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Various Predictors on Numbers of Convulsions in Patients, Traditional vs Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge Linear RegressionsData Example
Traditional Multiple Variables Regressions
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regressions
Summaries of Kernel Ridge Linear RegressionsEffect of Foods Served on Breakfast Taken, Persons, Traditional Linear and Multinomial Logistic Regression vsSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression and Multinomial Logistic Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression and Multinomial Logistic Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionsEffect of Personal Factors on Anorexia, Persons, Traditional Linear Regression vs Kernel Ridge RegressionsSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Kernel Ridge Regressions
Conclusions
Summaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of the Kernel Ridge RegressionEffect on Weight Loss of Physical Exercise, Calorie Intake, Their Interaction, and Age, in Patients, TraditionaSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of Kernel Ridge RegressionsData Example
Traditional Linear Regression
Kernel Ridge RegressionSummaries of the Traditional Multiple Variables Linear Regression
Summaries of Kernel Ridge Regressions