Trivedi B.C., Culbertson B.M. Maleic Anhydride

Handbook. — New York: Springer US, 1982. — 871 p.In just fifty years maleic anhydride has evolved from a little-known, little-used compound to a truly high-volume chemical. Between 1940 and 1978 its production has increased seventy-fivefold. The fact that more than half of all maleic anhydride produced in the United States is consumed in a single application tends to obscure the great versatility of this intermediate. Because this relatively simple molecule plays a key role in numerous chemical reactions, it finds applications in such diverse areas as adhesives, elastomers, plastics, coatings, fibers, lubricants, fuels, detergents, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and surfactants, to name only a few.
The chemistry of the maleic anhydride molecule seems to be uniquely suited to illuminate many facets of organic chemistry. In addition to its important role in functional-group chemistry, study of maleic anhydride lends itself to analysis of such diverse processes as ionic, radical, and cycloaddition reactions. Similarly, polymer chemistry is exemplified in a variety of ways by reactions of maleic anhydride, including its role in charge-transfer, addition, and condensation polymerizations.
Although some aspects of the maleic anhydride molecule are well understood, others need extensive research and elucidation. Further, the development over the last twenty years of new processes utilizing maleic anhydride, such as photochemistry, homopolymerization, and charge-transfer polymerization, suggests that the potential of this intermediate is far from exhausted. Herein, we believe, lies a challenge for chemists and technologists.
The existence of extensive archival, trade, and patent literature and a large market notwithstanding, no comprehensive, hardbound, technical reference work on maleic anhydride has so far been available. This book attempt to correct that situation and provides, for the first time, a single reference source of scientific background information and state-of-the-art technical data on this unique chemical. Maleic Anhydride collates the interesting chemistry of maleic anhydride that was until now scattered over 30,000 references, including patents, giving equal emphasis to fundamental and applied chemistry, while at the same time directing the reader's attention to sources for reaction recipes.
In keeping with the authors' intent to furnish chemists, chemical engineers, and others interested in maleic anhydride with an accurate and practical reference source, the book provides not only a review and discussion of key raw materials, production procedures, and the economics of maleic anhydride, but also delves into the multifaceted chemistry and polymerization reactions of the monomer. Uses, both known and potential, are surveyed and discussed, and attention is also paid to health and safety factors.
It is the authors' hope that the breadth of the material and the thoroughness of presentation will make Maleic Anhydride of value to both technologist and scientist as well as to those concerned with the production and marketing of the raw material and its derivatives.Properties and Structure of MA
Analysis
Uses
Biological Properties
EpilogueProduction of Maleic Anhydride
Raw Materials and History
Production Technology
MA Processes
Chemistry of MA from Benzene
Chemistry of MA from C4 Hydrocarbons
Catalysts and their Role
EpilogueReactions of Functional Groups
Reactions of Functional GroupsReactions of Olefinic Functions
Oxidation Reactions
Reactions of Anhydride Function
EpilogueDiets-Alder ReactionDefinition
Scope of DA Reaction
Stereochemistry and the Retro Diels-Alder Reaction
Mechanism
Reactions with Inverse Electron Demand
Catalysis
Effect of Pressure
EpilogueEne ReactionDefinition
Reactions of MA with Various Olefins
Reaction Conditions and their Effects
Mechanism
Retroene Reaction
Catalysis
Applications
EpiloguePhoto and Radical Reactions of MAPhotoreactions with Aromatics [2 + 2] Cycloaddition
Photoreactions with Olefins and Acetylenes
Reactions of MA with Free Radicals
Complexes of MA
EpilogueUnusual ReactionsReactions with Amines
1,3-Dipolar Reagents
Other Reagents
EpilogueHomopolymerizationPolymerization Methods
Properties
MA Polymer Uses
MA-Based MonomersRandom Addition CopolymerizationsCopolymerizations, Monomers Studied
Copolymer Analysis
Terpolymerizations, Monomers Studied
Copolymer UsesAlternating Addition CopolymerizationsMonomer Pairs Studied
Copolymerization Mechanism
Binary Copolymerizations
Ternary Copolymerizations
Properties
ApplicationsGraft CopolymersGraft Polymer UsesMaleic Anhydride in Condensation PolymersUnsaturated Polyesters
Alkyd Resins
Maleate-Vinyl Esters
MA Modified Addition Polymers
Isocyanate Crosslinked Polyesters
Polythiol Crosslinked Polyesters
Miscellaneous Polyester Condensations
Curing of Epoxy Resins
Maleimides and Polyimides
Miscellaneous MA CondensationsAppendix-Patent Listings
Terpolymers Containing Maleic Anhydride (m1)
Maleic Anhydride-Styrene Copolymer Patents
Olefin-MA Copolymer Patents
Allyl Vinyl Ether-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Patents
Vinyl Acetate-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer Patents
Patents on Maleic Anhydride Copolymers with Miscellaneous Monomers
MA Graft Polymer Patents