Higgs J., Jensen G.M., Loftus S., Christensen N. Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions

Boston: Elsevier, 2019. — 1142 p.Clinical reasoning lies at the core of health care practice and education. Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions, therefore, occupies a central place in the education of health professionals, the enhancement of professional decision making of individuals and groups of practitioners with their clients, and research into optimal practice reasoning.CopyrightThe Context of Clinical Reasoning
Collaborative and Transdisciplinary Reasoning
Reasoning Across the Professions
Teaching Clinical Reasoning
Learning Clinical Reasoning
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
Section Understanding Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning
Understanding Clinical Reasoning
Challenges Faced by People Engaged in Clinical Decision Making
Challenges of Dealing With a Complex World
Challenges in Addressing Wicked Problems and Accountability
Challenges of Making Complex and Consequential Decisions
Challenges in Sharing Decision-Making Processes and Outcomes
Building Clinical Reasoning Into Curricula
Teaching and Learning Clinical Reasoning Complexities
Learning Something That's Not Simply Black and White
Chapter SummaryRe-Interpreting Clinical Reasoning
Re-Interpreting Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning as an Encultured Practice
Understanding Professional Practice Paradigms
Clinical Reasoning and Knowing in Practice
Pursuing Clinical Reasoning Capability
ReDefining Clinical Reasoning as A Range of Encultured Decision-Making CapabilitiesMultiple Spaces of Choice Engagement and Influence in Clinical Decision Making
Clinical Reasoning Spaces From the Inside Out
Client Spaces
Practitioner Spaces
The Collaborative Problem Space of the Team
The Knowledge-Reasoning Space of Clinical Decision Making
Errors
Clinical Reasoning Strategies
Professional Development of Clinical Reasoning Capability
Chapter SummaryClinical Reasoning and Models of Practice
Recognizing Our Practice Context and Influences
Models of Practice
Reasoning in a Critical Social Science Model for PracticeThe Development of Clinical Reasoning Expertise
A Theory of the Development of Medical Expertise
Teaching Clinical Reasoning
Chapter SummaryExpertise and Clinical ReasoningDeconstructing the Interrelated Concepts of Expertise and Clinical Reasoning
Expertise and Clinical Reasoning in Everyday Practice
Clinical Reasoning and Novice Development: Developing Habits of Mind
Chapter SummarySection The Changing Context of Clinical Reasoning and Practice
The Context of Clinical Reasoning Across the Health Professions in the St CenturyShifting Contexts and Identities
Clinical Reasoning: Valuing Evidence
Critical Reflexivity and ‘Negotiation’
Chapter SummaryChanging Demographic and Cultural Dimensions of PopulationsChanging Populations
Changing Populations and Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning in a Postindustrial WorldChapter SummaryClinical Thinking Client Expectations and Patient-Centred Care
Current Conceptions of Client Expectations and Patient-Centred Care
How Healthcare Professionals Think: The Central Expertise of HCPs Needs to be Better Understood by Patients
The Importance of the Nature of the HCP's Professionalism: Uncovering Its Transformative Potential
Chapter SummaryNext-Generation Clinical Practice GuidelinesFrameworks of Clinical Practice Guidelines Application
Current State of Play in Clinical Practice Guidelines
Critical Elements of Using Clinical Practice Guidelines
Next-Generation Clinical Practice Guidelines
Implementation
Clinical Practice Guidelines Clinical Reasoning and Patient Outcomes
The Future
Chapter SummaryAction and Narrative
Action and Judgement
Tacit Knowledge and Professional Judgement
Narrative Reasoning
Prospective Stories: Therapy and Life Stories
Active Judgements Tacit Knowledge and Narrative Images: a Case Story
Action Judgement Narrative and Expertise in Ann's Story
Chapter SummaryThe Language of Clinical ReasoningMetaphor
New Metaphors in Clinical Reasoning
Narrative
Rhetoric
Chapter SummaryEvidence-Based Practice and Clinical ReasoningSection : Evidence-Based Practice Is a Contributor to Clinical Reasoning
Section : Evidence-Based Practice Is the Way in Which Clinical Reasoning Unfolds or Should Unfold
Section : Evidence-Based Practice and Clinical Reasoning Are Different Words/Frames for the ‘Same Thing’Methods in the Study of Clinical ReasoningQuantitative Methods
Qualitative MethodsChapter SummarySection Collaborative and Transdisciplinary Reasoning
Collaborative Decision Making in Liquid Times
New Conditions of Decision-Making Processes in Liquid Times
Conceptual Perspectives and Principles of Collaborative Decision Making
Conceptual Models of Shared Decision Making
The Primacy of Interests: a Critical Model for Collaborative Decision Making
Operationalizing Collaborative Decision MakingEthical ReasoningThe Ethical Reasoning Bridge
Chapter SummaryShared Decision Making in Practice
Shared Decision Making
Chapter SummaryUsing Decision Aids to Involve Clients in Clinical Decision MakingWhat Is A Patient Decision Aid?
When Should You Consider Using a Decision Aid?
How Do Decision Aids Work?
What Makes a ‘Good’ Decision Aid?
Where Can You Find Patient Decision Aids?
What Should I Do if I Cannot Find a Relevant Decision Aid?
How Can the Health Team Play a Role?
Can Patient Decision Aids Be Used to Involve Family Members and Carers?
Can Patients From Vulnerable Populations Benefit From Using Patient Decision Aids?
Chapter SummaryClinical Decision Making Social Justice and Client empowermentSocial Determinants of Health
Social Justice
Empowerment
Chapter SummaryClinical Decision Making Across Orthodox and Complementary Medicine FieldsAlternative Ways of Thinking Through Clinical Problems
Models of Integration
Integrated Clinical Reasoning
Chapter SummarySection Clinical Reasoning and The Professions
Clinical Reasoning in MedicineA Common Basis: Dual-Process Theory
Problem Solving: Diagnosis as Hypotheses Generation and Selection
The Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Diagnosis as Categorization or Pattern Recognition
Multiple Reasoning Strategies
Decision Making: Diagnosis as Opinion Revision
A Common Challenge: Diagnostic Error
Errors in Hypothesis Generation and Restructuring
Errors in Data Interpretation
Errors in Probability Estimation
Errors in Probability Revision
Educational Implications
Problem Solving: Educational Implications
Decision Making: Educational ImplicationsClinical Reasoning in NursingTheoretical Perspectives
Chapter SummaryClinical Reasoning in PhysiotherapyWhy Do Physiotherapists Need to Study and Practice Clinical Reasoning?
Three Frameworks to Situate Clinical Reasoning in Physiotherapy
Factors Influencing Clinical ReasoningClinical Reasoning in Dentistry
Evolution of Clinical Reasoning
Exploring Clinical Reasoning
Conceptual Framework
Processes of Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning Strategies
Uncertainties in Clinical Reasoning
Assessment of Clinical Reasoning
Chapter SummaryClinical Reasoning in Occupational TherapyClinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy: Historical Perspective
Knowledge and Clinical Reasoning in Occupational Therapy
Information Processing Cognitive Strategy Use and Clinical Reasoning
Chapter SummaryClinical Decision Making in Emergency MedicineEmergence of Dual-Process Theory in Clinical Decision Making
Rationality in Clinical Decision Making
Facilitators of Rationality
Dysrationalia
How Does CDM in Emergency Medicine Differ From That in Other Settings?Clinical Decision Making in ParamedicineThe Nature of Paramedic Practice
Clinical Reasoning in Paramedicine Practice
Cognitive Strategies Involved in Clinical Reasoning
Errors in Clinical Reasoning
Educational Strategies to Improve Clinical Reasoning
Chapter SummaryClinical Decision Making in Optometry
Optometry and Its Scope of Practice
Evidence-Based Decision Making in Optometry
From Decision Making to Clinical ReasoningChapter SummaryClinical Reasoning in DieteticsThe Context of Dietetics
Clinical Reasoning in Clinical Dietetics
Collaborative Decision Making in Dietetics
Clinical Reasoning in Advanced Dietetic Practice
Chapter SummaryClinical Reasoning in PharmacyThe Pharmacist as Part of A Collaborative Team
Clinical Problem Solving for the Pharmacist
Chapter SummarySection Teaching Clinical Reasoning
Pedagogies for Teaching and Learning Clinical Reasoning
What Is Clinical Reasoning?
Embodied Nature of Clinical Reasoning
Situated Nature of Clinical Reasoning
Pedagogies for Teaching Clinical Reasoning
Teaching Clinical Reasoning in Classrooms
Teaching Clinical Reasoning in Workplaces
Future Directions
Chapter SummaryTeaching Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education CoursesUnderstanding Reasoning
Integration
Introduction to Uncertainty and Diagnostic ErrorTeaching Clinical Reasoning in Nursing Education
Providing Opportunities for Autonomous Practice
Focussing on Deliberate Practice
Using Higher-Order Questioning
Emphasizing the Importance of Evidence-Based Practice
Learning to Think Aloud
Deconstructing Critical Events
Reflecting on Cognitive Biases
Chapter SummarySpeech-Language Pathology StudentsICF as a Framework for Clinical Reasoning
Facilitating Clinical Reasoning
Clinical Reasoning Approaches
ICF and Clinical Reasoning in Practice (Case Study Analysis)
Strong Clinical Reasoning Includes Consideration of All Areas of ICF (Case Study Analysis)
Strategies for Ces: Using the ICF to Extend Students’ Clinical Reasoning Skills
Chapter Summary
AcknowledgementClinical Reasoning and Biomedical KnowledgeCurricular and Epistemological Issues
Research in Clinical Reasoning
Knowledge Encapsulation or Two Worlds
Chapter SummaryCultivating A Thinking Surgeon Using A Clinical Thinking Pathway as A Learning and Assessment ProcessThe Clinical Thinking Pathway: the Basic Components
Key Insights From Years of Work
Crystallizing the Discourse and Offering Further Educational Resources
Chapter SummaryInterprofessional Programs to Develop Clinical ReasoningBackground
Learning Outcomes
Interprofessional Learning Activities for Clinical Reasoning
Learning Through Structured Opportunities in the Classroom
Learning Through Simulation
Learning Through Community Engagement Partnerships and Service
Learning About Collaborative Leadership
Challenges of IPE
Faculty Development
Chapter SummaryAssessing Clinical ReasoningResearch on Decision Making
An Historical Perspective on Assessment
Newer Assessment Developments
But What About Clinical Reasoning?
Current Developments
Implications and Advice for the TeacherSection Learning Clinical Reasoning
Learning to Communicate Clinical ReasoningCommunication of Clinical Reasoning
Learning to Communicate Clinical Reasoning: What's Involved?
Chapter SummaryDeveloping Clinical Reasoning Capability
Capability as A Learning Outcome
Clinical Reasoning Capability
Future Implications
Chapter SummaryRemediating Learning and Performance of Reasoning
Can Clinical Reasoning Be Learned?
Identification of Students Who Struggle With Clinical Reasoning
Understanding Struggling Learners
Unique Challenges to Learning Clinical Reasoning
An Approach to the Remediation of Clinical Reasoning
Using the Tools and Grids in the Clinical Environment
Chapter SummaryLearning About Factors Influencing Clinical Decision Making
Clinical Decision Making
AcknowledgementLearning Reasoning Using SimulationWhat Is Simulation-Based Learning?
Facilitating Clinical Reasoning Development Through Simulation-Based Learning
Cognitive Load Considerations for Simulation-Based Learning
Future Implications
Chapter SummaryLearning to Use Evidence to Support Decision Making
Understanding Evidence-Based Practice
What Constitutes Evidence?
Evidence-Based Practice and Clinical ReasoningLearning to Research Clinical ReasoningDevelop a Research Question
Identify a Conceptual Framework
Select the Research Designs and Methods
Develop the Research Design
Chapter SummaryLearning Clinical Reasoning Across Cultural ContextsCulture Context and Professional Practice
What Is Cultural Competence?Peer Learning to Develop Clinical Reasoning Abilities
Peer Learning for Knowledge and Metaskills Development
Peer Learning Activity Design Considerations
Facilitating Clinical Reasoning Development With Peer Learning