Gudgin Dickson E.F. Personal protective equipment for chemical, biological, and radiological hazards. Design, Evaluation, and Selection

Kingston, Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. – 348 p.Personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for those dealing with toxic, infectious, and radioactive materials. An easily accessible guide for professionals and researchers in all PPE fields, this book takes a fresh look at how PPE is designed, selected, and used in today's emergency response environment where users may need to be protected against deliberately used chemical, biological, or radiological agents in terrorism or warfare scenarios as well as more traditional hazards. Covering the physics, chemistry, and physiology of these hazards, the book explains how PPE protects from various forms of hazards as well as how to use this information to select PPE against these highly hazardous substances for first responder or military users. The design of PPE and components plus relevant performance and evaluation standards are also discussed.Introduction to CBRN Protection
What Is CBRN PPE and Why Is It Used?
What Are CBRN Agents?
Context of Use as It Relates to Design, Selection, and Performance
Acquiring Equipment
How Not to Do It
Stage 1: Prior to the Design and Procurement Cycle
Stage 2: At the Time of Decision to Procure New PPE
Stage 3: Off-the-Shelf Procurement
Stage 4: Development Program
Hazardous Substances
General Overview of Agents
Dose and Exposure
Routes of Entry
Forms of Agent Leading to Exposure
Airborne Hazards
Contact Hazards
Radiation Hazards
Effects of Hazardous Materials
Local vs. Systemic Effects
Acute, Chronic, and Long-Term Effects
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Classification
Respiratory Hazards
Ocular Hazards
Dermal Hazards
Ingestion Hazards
Dissemination of Chemicals and Types of Events
Biological Hazards
General Background
What Makes a Potential Biological Agent?
Classification
The Immune System and Infection
General Properties of Microorganisms
The Bacteria
The Rickettsia
The Viruses
The Fungi
Toxins
Other Important Methods of Control
Transmission and Dissemination
The Agents of Concern
Radiological and Nuclear Agents
General Hazards
Examples of Hazardous Radiological and Nuclear Agents
Types of Short- and Long-Term Effects
Route of Entry
Dissemination
Summary of Dissemination of CBRN Agents
Methods of Dissemination
Persistency and Environmental Effects
Summary of CBRN Hazards and Their Location
Setting High-Level Requirements
Defining Concepts of Operations
Military Operations
Concept of Operations
Military User Groups
Domestic Response
Concept of Operations
Domestic User Groups
Hazard Assessment
General Comments
Scenarios and Modeling
Conditions of Use
Limits to Operations
Exposure Limits
General
Chemical Exposure
Radiation Exposure
Biological Agent Exposure
Human Factors and Task Requirements
Examples of High-Level Requirements Development Discussions
Coroners, Medical Examiners, and Pathologists
Law Enforcement
Designing for Appropriate Protection and Performance
The Hazard
Airborne Hazards
Contact Hazards
Protection Priorities and Issues Related to the Hazard
Mechanisms of Protection
Barrier Materials and Hardening
Air Purification Processes
Airflow and Overpressure
Human Factors
General
Thermophysiology
Breathing and Respiratory Physiology
Anthropometry and Range of Motion
Sensory Issues and Situational Awareness
Integration, Compatibility, and Functionality
The Environment
Climatic Conditions
Physical and Mechanical Stressors
Materials and Their Selection
General Issues
Fibers and Textiles
Barrier Materials
Selectively Permeable Materials
Filtration Media
Adsorbents
Reactive Materials
Smart Materials
Nanomaterials and Other Protective or Next-Generation Materials
System Design
Introduction and Background
Early Design Considerations
Maintaining System Integrity to Prevent Penetration and Leakage
Preventing Penetration and Permeation of Liquids Through Materials
Preventing Breakthrough of Chemicals by Using Adsorbing or Reactive Elements
Preventing Penetration and Reaerosolization of Aerosols
Protecting from Non-CBRN Hazards
Optimizing Human Performance
Optimizing Sizing
Other Design Issues
Modeling Performance and Human PhysiologyProtection Performance Modeling
Human Performance and Physiology Modeling
Toxicity Modeling
Protective Equipment: Concepts, Components, and Systems
Terminology
Concepts of Use
Respiratory Protective Devices
Protective Concepts
Components of a Respirator
Self-Contained Breathable Gas Styles
Tethered Supplied Breathable Gas Systems
Air-Purifying (Negative-Pressure) Respirators
Powered Air-Purifying Respirators
Emerging Concepts and Issues
Dermal Protective Equipment (Clothing)
Components
Ensembles
Emerging Concepts
Future Concepts to Improve Performance in Use
Performance Evaluation and Standard Test Methods
Test Selection as Determined by Life-Cycle Phase
Issues That May Prevent Effective Evaluations
Translating Requirements to Effective Test Methods
Scope of Evaluations
Standard Test Methods
Time and Cost
Selection of Test Conditions
General Limits
Test Scale and Test Platform
Item To Be Tested
User-Related Parameters
Challenge CBRN Agent
Amount and Physical Form of Agent
Test Environments
Preconditioning
Representative Sampling
Designing Methods and Setting Criteria
Setting Priorities
Degradation of Performance
CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Items or Systems
CBRN Protective Performance Measures Using Materials
Human Performance Measures Using Items or Systems
Human Performance Measures Using Materials
Sources of Methods
Preconditioning and Pretreating
Physical Properties and Survivability
Dimensions and Weight
Electrostatics
Environmental Stressors
Physical Stressors
Other Durability
Survivability Against Heat and Flame
CBRN Performance
Generic Integrity and Protection Factor Methods
Chemical Vapor and Liquid Protection
Particulate and Biological: Penetration and Filtration Methods
Biological: Methods Assessing Resistance to Microbial Growth
Human Factors
Comfort, Fit, and Function
Field of View
Visual Acuity
Communications
Air Quality and Supply
Thermal Performance
Selection and Use of PPE
Operational Requirements
Examples of CBRN Work Environments
Requirements Setting and Specifications
Expected Levels of Performance from Various Styles of Equipment
General Comments
Material-Level Performance
Dermal Protective Equipment Performance
Respiratory Protective Device Performance
Performance and Selection Standards and Regulations
North America
Europe
Asia
ISO
NATO