Banich M.T., Compton R.J. Cognitive Neuroscience

3кв ed. — Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 2010. — 620 p.This text balances experimental and clinical perspectives with a survey of a variety of mental functions. In a conversational style, the authors provide clear, accessible explanations of difficult concepts, making use of analogies and case studies to illustrate them. A consistent structure throughout each chapter defines a mental function and the role of each part or parts of the brain in that function, followed by a discussion of what neuropsychological syndromes say about the cognitive and neural organization of the mental function.Introduction to the Nervous System
What Is Cognitive Neuroscience?
Basic Building Blocks of the Nervous System
Neuroanatomical Terms and Brain Geography
Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System
Spinal Cord
Medulla
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Major Subcortical Systems
Cerebral Cortex
Primary Sensory and Motor Cortices
In Focus: Discovery of the Homunculus
Association Areas
Key TermsHow Neurons Communicate
How Information Is Transferred within a Neuron
How Information Is Transferred between Neurons
How Postsynaptic Potentials Can Cause an Action Potential
Factors That Influence the Responsiveness of a Neuron
Amino Acids
Neurotransmitter Systems
Chemical Modulation of Neural Transmission
Myelination
In Focus: Can Herbs Improve Your Memory, Attention, and Mood?
Key TermsMethodsPatients with Circumscribed Brain Damage
Neurologically Intact Individuals
Nonhuman Animals
Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Techniques for Assessing Physiological Function
Functional Brain Imaging Methods
In Focus: Participating in a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Electromagnetic Recording Methods
Optical Recording Methods
Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity
Multimethod Approaches
Assessment of Behavior in Brain-Damaged Populations
Techniques for Modeling Brain-Behavior RelationshipsKey TermsHemispheric Specialization
Basics of Hemispheric Specialization
Historical Perspective
Studies of Patients with Split-Brain Syndrome
Research with Individuals Who Have Lateralized Lesions
Research with Neurologically Intact Individuals
Characterization of Hemisphere Differences
Nature of Information Carried over the Corpus Callosum
In Focus: Why Have a Lateralized Brain?
Functions of Interhemispheric Interaction
Developmental Aspects of Hemispheric Specialization
GenderKey TermsMotor Control
Subcortical Regions
Cortical Regions
Integrated Models of the Motor System
Subcortical Motor Disorders
In Focus: Using Brain Activation to Control Prosthetic Limbs
Cortical Motor DisordersKey TermsEarly Perceptual Processing
Photoreceptors
Ganglion Cells
Receptive Fields
The Tectopulvinar Pathway
The Geniculostriate Pathway
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
Organization of Striate Cortex
Binocular Integration in Striate Cortex
Contextual Modulation of Cells in Striate Cortex
Blindsight and the Visual Pathways
Area V4: A Special Module for Coding Color?
Divergence into the What and Where Pathways
Computational Problems in Audition
Organization of the Auditory Pathways
Brainstem Computation of Spatial Location
Organization of Auditory Cortex
Auditory-Visual InteractionsKey TermsObject Recognition
The What Ventral Visual System
Apperceptive Visual Agnosia
Associative Visual Agnosia
Differences between Apperceptive and Associative Agnosias
Prosopagnosia: Agnosia for Faces
Category-Specific Deficits in Object Recognition
Theoretical Issues in Object Recognition
Sparse versus Population Coding for Objects
The Problem of Invariance in Recognition
Feature-Based versus Configural Coding of Objects
Category Specificity: Are Some Types of Stimuli More Special than Others?
Object Recognition in Auditory and Tactile Modalities
Agnosias in Other Modalities
Multimodal Object Recognition
In Focus: Visual Imagery: Seeing Objects with the Mind’s EyeKey TermsSpatial Cognition
The Dorsal Visual System for Spatial Processing
Distinguishing Left from Right
Depth Perception
Spatial Frames of Reference
Localization of a Point in Space
Relations between Points in Space
Constructional Abilities
Motion Perception as Distinct from Other Aspects of Spatial Processing
Incorporating Knowledge of Self-Motion
Rotation
Space and Action
Spatial Navigation
In Focus: Spatial Abilities in Aviation
Challenges to the Dorsal-Ventral Stream DichotomyKey TermsLanguage
Neural Organization of Language as Inferred from Brain-Damaged Patients
Classical Neurological Conceptions
Psycholinguistic Perspectives
Double Dissociations in Language Processing
Consistencies with Models Derived from Brain-Damaged Patients
Additional Insights Beyond Traditional Conceptions
Evidence from Studies of Patients with Brain Damage
In Focus: Brain Organization in Bilinguals
Converging Evidence from Other Research Methods
Kana and Kanji
American Sign Language
Music
Right-Hemisphere Contributions to Language ProcessingKey TermsMemory
What Is Memory?
Amnesia: A Disorder of Long-Term Memory
Global Nature of the Deficit
Temporal Profile of Affected Memories
Spared Working Memory
Spared Skill Learning
Perspectives from Nonhuman Animals
Conceptualizations of the Dichotomy
Memory and Consciousness
Domain-Specific Neocortical Regions
The Basal Ganglia
The Amygdala: An Interface between Memory and Emotion
Brain Systems That Contribute to Encoding, Consolidation and Storage, and Retrieval
Encoding
Consolidation and Storage
Retrieval
Evidence from Patients
Studies with Nonhuman Animals
Studies with Neurologically Intact Individuals
Computational Perspectives
Empirical FindingsKey TermsAttention
What Is Attention?
Arousal
Selective Attention
Divided Attention
Selection of Goals versus Detection of Behaviorally Relevant Stimuli
The Default Network: The Lack of Attention?
Hemineglect: Clinical Aspects
In Focus: Pay Attention to the Road!
Clinical Features
Theories Regarding the Underlying Deficit
Treatment
Attention Based on Objects
Hemispheric Differences in Attentional Control
Processing of Unattended StimuliKey TermsExecutive Function
Role of Controlled versus Automatic Processes
Initiation of Behavior
Creation and Maintenance of a Goal or Task Set
Sequencing
Shifting Set and Modifying Strategies
Self-Monitoring and Evaluation
Inhibition
Abstract and Conceptual Thinking
In Focus: Can You Repress a Memory?
Rules and Inference
Response to Novelty and Cognitive Flexibility
Judgment and Decision Making
Organization of the Frontal Lobe for Executive Function
A Central Role for Working Memory in Executive FunctionKey TermsEmotion and Social Cognition
Subcortical Contributions to Emotion
Fear and Emotional Learning
Reward and Motivation
Representing Bodily Cues of Emotion
Monitoring for Emotionally Salient Events
Incorporating Emotion into Decision Making
Regulating Emotion
Communicating Emotion
Emotional Experience
Understanding the Mental States of Others
In Focus: The Pain of Rejection
Cognitive Neuroscience Approaches to PrejudiceKey TermsPsychopathology
Symptoms and Features
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Disturbances in Functional Connectivity
What Causes Schizophrenia?
Implications for Treatment
Depression
Frontal Lobe
Subcortical Regions
Therapeutic Interventions
In Focus: Can Your Genes Make You Unhappy?
Symptoms and Features
Amygdala and Hippocampus
Frontal Lobe
Action Systems in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Reward Pathways
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Other Brain Regions Implicated in Addiction
Conclusions and CaveatsKey TermsBrain Development and Plasticity
Development of the Brain
Changes in the Brain during Childhood
Changes in the Brain during Adolescence
Influence of the Environment on the Developing Brain
Mental Retardation
Dyslexia
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Brain Plasticity
Neurophysiological Responses to Insult
Mechanisms for Recovery of Function
Factors Influencing Recovery of Function
Recovery of Function in Children
In Focus: Can Deprivation in One Sensory Modality Promote Extraordinary Abilities in Another?
Cognitive Changes with Aging
Neural Changes with Aging
Slowing the Effects of AgingKey TermsGeneralized Cognitive Disorders
Etiology
Neuropsychological Consequences
Dementing Diseases
Cortical Dementias
Subcortical Dementias
Mixed-Variety Dementias
Demyelinating Diseases
Epilepsy
Brain and Cognitive Function in Vegetative StatesKey TermsName Index
Subject Index