Venkateshan S.P. Mechanical Measurements

N.-Y.: Wiley, 2015. — 549 p.The first edition of this book was co-published by Ane Books India, and CRC Press in 2008. This second edition is an enlarged version of the web course developed by the author at IIT Madras, and also a modified and augmented version of the earlier book. Major additions/modifications presented are in the treatment of errors in measurement, temperature measurement, measurement of thermo-physical properties, and data manipulation. Many new worked examples have been introduced in this new and updated second edition.Measurements, Error Analysis and Design of ExperimentsMeasurements and Errors in measurementMeasurement categories
General measurement scheme
Some issues
Errors in measurement
Systematic errors (Bias)
Random errors
Statistical analysis of experimental data
Statistical analysis and best estimate from replicate data
Error distribution
Principle of Least Squares
Error estimation - single sample
Student t distribution
Test for normality
Nonparametric tests
Outliers and their rejection
Propagation of errors
Specifications of instruments and their performanceRegression analysis
Introduction to regression analysis
Linear regression
Linear fit by least squares
Uncertainties in the fit parameters
Goodness of fit and the correlation coefficient
Polynomial regression
Method of least squares and normal equations
Goodness of fit and the index of correlation or R
Multiple linear regression
General non-linear fit
χ test of goodness of fit
General discussion on regression analysis including special cases
Alternate procedures of obtaining fit parameters
Segmented or piecewise regressionDesign of experiments
Design of experiments
Goal of experiments
Full factorial design
k factorial design
More on full factorial design
One half factorial design
Other simple designExerciseI
Errors and error distributions
Propagation of errors
Regression analysis
Design of experimentsMeasurements of Temperature, Heat Flux and Heat Transfer CoefficientMeasurements of TemperatureThermometry or the science and art of temperature measurement
Preliminaries
Practical thermometry
Thermoelectric thermometry
Thermoelectric effects
On the use of thermocouple for temperature measurement
Use of thermocouple tables and Practical aspects of thermoelectric
thermometry
Resistance thermometry
Basic ideas
Platinum resistance thermometer and the Callendar correction
RTD measurement circuits
Thermistors
Pyrometry
Radiation fundamentals
Brightness temperature and the vanishing filament pyrometer
Total radiation pyrometer
Ratio Pyrometry and the two color pyrometer
Gas temperature measurement
Other temperature measurement techniques
Liquid in glass or liquid in metal thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer
Liquid crystal thermometers
IC temperature sensor
Measurement of transient temperature
Temperature sensor as a first order system - Electrical analogy
Response to step input
Response to a ramp input
Response to a periodic inputSystematic errors in temperature measurementExamples of temperature measurement
Surface temperature measurement using a compensated probe
Measurement of temperature inside a solid
Measurement of temperature of a moving fluid
Summary of sources of error in temperature measurement
Conduction error in thermocouple temperature measurement
Lead wire model
The single wire model
Heat loss through lead wire
Typical application and thermometric error
Measurement of temperature within a solid
Measurement of temperature of a moving fluid
Temperature error due to radiation
Reduction of radiation error: use of radiation shield
Analysis of thermometer well problemHeat flux and Heat Transfer CoefficientMeasurement of heat flux
Foil type heat flux gauge
Transient analysis of foil gauge
Thin film sensors
Cooled thin wafer heat flux gauge
Axial conduction guarded probe
Slug type sensor
Slug type sensor response including non uniformity in temperature
Thin film heat flux gauge - Transient operation
Measurement of heat transfer coefficient
Film coefficient transducer
Cylindrical heat transfer coefficient probeExerciseI
Temperature measurement
Transient temperature measurement
Thermometric error
Heat flux measurementMeasurement of Pressure, Fluid velocity, Volume flow rate, Stagnation and Bulk mean temperaturesMeasurement of PressureBasics of pressure measurement
U - Tube manometer
Well type manometer
Dynamic response of a U tube manometer
Bourdon gauge
Dead weight tester
Pressure transducers
Pressure tube with bonded strain gauge
Bridge circuits for use with strain gauges
Diaphragm/Bellows type transducer
Capacitance type diaphragm gauge
Piezoelectric pressure transducer
Measurement of pressure transients
Transient response of a bellows type pressure transducer
Transients in a force balancing element for measuring pressure
Measurement of vacuum
McLeod gauge
Pirani gauge
Ionization gauge
Alphatron gaugeMeasurement of Fluid VelocityPitot - Pitot static and impact probes
Pitot and Pitot static tube
Effect of compressibility
Supersonic flow
Orientation effects and multi-hole probes
Velocity measurement based on thermal effects
Hot wire anemometer
Constant Temperature or CT anemometer
Useful heat transfer correlation
Constant Current or CC anemometer
Practical aspects
Measurement of transients (velocity fluctuations)
Directional effects on hot wire anemometer
Doppler Velocimeter
The Doppler effect
Ultrasonic Doppler velocity meter
Laser Doppler velocity meter
Time of Flight Velocimeter
Simultaneous measurement of position and velocity
Cross correlation type velocity meterVolume flow rateMeasurement of volume flow rate
Variable area type flow meters
Principle of operation
Correction factor
types of variable area flow meters
Orifice plate meter
Flow nozzle
Venturi meter
Effect of compressibility in gas flow measurement
Sonic orifice or the sonic nozzle
Selection of variable area flow meters
Rotameter or Drag effect flow meter
Rotameter analysis
Miscellaneous types of flow meters
Positive displacement meters
Vortex shedding type flow meter
Turbine flow meter
Factors to be considered in the selection of flow meters
Calibration of flow meters
Methods of calibration
Soap film burette
Bell prover system
Flying start - Flying finish method with static weighingStagnation and Bulk mean temperatureStagnation temperature measurement
Shielded thermocouple stagnation temperature probe
Dual thin film enthalpy probe
Bulk mean temperature
Flow in a rectangular ductExercise
Pressure measurement
Velocity measurement
Volume flow rateThermo-physical properties, Radiation properties of surfaces, Gas concentration, Force/Acceleration, torque and powerMeasurement of thermo-physical propertiesThermal conductivity
Basic ideas
Steady state methods
Guarded hot plate apparatus: solid sample
Guarded hot plate apparatus: liquid sample
Radial heat conduction apparatus for liquids and gases
Thermal conductivity comparator
Transient method
Laser flash method
Measurement of heat capacity
Heat capacity of a solid
Heat capacity of liquids
Measurement of calorific value of fuels
Preliminaries
The Bomb calorimeter
Continuous flow calorimeter
Measurement of viscosity of fluids
Laminar flow in a capillary
Saybolt viscometer
Rotating cylinder viscometerRadiation properties of surfacesDefinitions
Features of radiation measuring instruments
Components of a reflectivity measuring instrument
Integrating sphere
Hemispherical emissivity
Hemispherical directional reflectivity
Directional hemispherical reflectivity
Measurement of emissivity
Emissivity measurement using an integrating radiometer
Emissivity by transient cooling in vacuum
Calorimetric method of emissivity measurement
Commercial portable ambient temperature emissometerGas concentrationMethods of gas concentration measurement
Non separation methods
Non Dispersive Infrared Analyzer (NDIR)
Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL)
Chemiluminescence NOx detection
Separation methods
Gas Chromatography
Orsat gas analyzer
Particulate matter - Soot (or smoke)Force/Acceleration, torque and powerForce Measurement
Platform balance
Force to displacement conversion
Proving ring
Conversion of force to hydraulic pressure
Piezoelectric force transducer
Measurement of acceleration
Preliminary ideas
Characteristics of a spring - mass - damper system
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Laser Doppler Vibrometer
Fiber Optic Accelerometer
Measurement of torque and power
Mechanical brake arrangement - Prony brake
Electric generator as a dynamometer
Measure shear stress on the shaft
Tachometer - Mechanical Device
Non contact optical RPM meterExercise
Thermo-physical properties
Radiation properties of surfaces
Gas concentration
Force, acceleration, Torque and PowerData Manipulation and Examples from laboratory practiceData ManipulationMechanical signal conditioning
Betz manometer
Optical measurement of twist angle in a wire
Electrical/Electronic signal conditioning
Signal conditioning
Signal Amplification and manipulation
Digital panel meter or Digital voltmeter
Current loopExamples from laboratory practiceThermocouple calibration using a data logger
Calibration of a digital differential pressure gauge
Signal conditioning for torque measurement using strain gauges
SoftwareExerciseVBibliographic Notes and References
Useful tables