Flynn R.R. (Ed.) Computer Sciences. Volume 1. Foundations: Ideas and People

New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. — 290 p. — (Macmillan Science Library). — ISBN10: 0-02-865567-2. — ISBN13: 978-0-0286-5567-2.Volume I discusses the foundations of computer science, including computing history and some important innovators. Among the people are American inventor Herman Hollerith (1860–1929), the designer of punched card and punched card equipment; English mathematician Charles Babbage (1791–1871), the inventor of the Difference Engine and the proposed Analytical Engine, a precursor of the stored program computer; English noblewoman Ada Byron King, the Countess of Lovelace (1815–1852), the first “computer programmer”; American executive Thomas J. Watson Sr. (1874–1956), early chief of the IBM Corporation; and American mathematician Grace Hopper (1906–1992), who helped in the development of COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) and developed one of its predecessors, FLOW-MATIC, and is the person who allegedly coined the term “computer bug.”Within Volume 1, various groups and organizations are discussed. These include the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), which brings
together people from around the globe to exchange ideas and advance computer science; the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), which serves as the world’s largest technical professional association, with more than 350,000 members; and the IBM Corporation, Apple Computer Inc., and the Microsoft Corporation, which all contributed to the start of the personal computer (PC) revolution. Among the more general articles the reader will find those concerning topics such as early pioneers, featuring primarily American and European scientists and their work; language generations, focusing on the evolution of computer languages; and computer generations, discussing early machines such as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).Measurements
Timeline: Significant Events in The History of Computing
Timeline: The History of Programming, Markup and Scripting Languages
List of Contributors
A
Abacus
Analog Computing
Analytical Engine
Animation
Apple Computer, Inc
Artificial Intelligence
Association for Computing
Machinery
B
Babbage, Charles
Bell Labs
Binary Number System
C
Census Bureau
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
of
Computer Scientists
D
Digital Computing
E
E-commerce
E-mail
Early Computers
Early Pioneers
Ergonomics
G
Games
Generations, Computers
Generations, Languages
Government Funding, Research
H
Hollerith, Herman
Hopper, Grace
Hypertext
I
IBM Corporation
Information Retrieval
Information Technology
Standards
Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Integrated Circuits
Intel Corporation
Interactive Systems
Internet
J
Jacquard’s Loom
K
Keyboard
L
Lovelace, Ada Byron King,
Countess of
M
Mainframes
Memory
Microchip
Microcomputers
Microsoft Corporation
Minicomputers
Minitel
Mouse
Music
N
Napier’s Bones
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
Networks
O
Office Automation Systems
Optical Technology
P
Pascal, Blaise
Privacy
R
Robotics
S
Security
Simulation
Slide Rule
Supercomputers
T
Tabulating Machines
Telecommunications
Transistors
Turing, Alan M
Turing Machine
V
Vacuum Tubes
Virtual Reality in Education
Viruses
W
Watson, Thomas J., Sr
Window Interfaces
World Wide Web
X
Xerox Corporation
Photo and Illustration
CreditsTopic Outline