Duffie John A. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes

Fourth Edition. — John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2013. — 928 p. — ISBN: 978-0-470-87366-3 (cloth), 978-1-118-41541-2 (ebk), 978-1-118-41812-3 (ebk), 978-1-118-43348-5 (ebk), 978-1-118-67160-3 (ebk).The updated fourth edition of the "bible" of solar energy theory and applicationsOver several editions, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes has become a classic solar engineering text and reference. This revised Fourth Edition offers current coverage of solar energy theory, systems design, and applications in different market sectors along with an emphasis on solar system design and analysis using simulations to help readers translate theory into practice.An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features:Increased coverage of leading-edge topics such as photovoltaics and the design of solar cells and heaters
A brand-new chapter on applying CombiSys (a readymade TRNSYS simulation program available for free download) to simulate a solar heated house with solar- heated domestic hot water
Additional simulation problems available through a companion website
An extensive array of homework problems and exercisesFundamentals
Solar Radiation
The Sun
The Solar Constant
Spectral Distribution of Extraterrestrial Radiation
Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation
Definitions
Direction of Beam Radiation
Angles for Tracking Surfaces
Ratio of Beam Radiation on Tilted Surface to That on Horizontal Surface
Shading
Extraterrestrial Radiation on a Horizontal SurfaceAvailable Solar Radiation
Definitions
Pyrheliometers and Pyrheliometric Scales
Pyranometers
Measurement of Duration of Sunshine
Solar Radiation Data
Atmospheric Attenuation of Solar Radiation
Estimation of Average Solar Radiation
Estimation of Clear-Sky Radiation
Distribution of Clear and Cloudy Days and Hours
Beam and Diffuse Components of Hourly Radiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Daily Radiation
Beam and Diffuse Components of Monthly Radiation
Estimation of Hourly Radiation from Daily Data
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky
Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Anisotropic Sky
Radiation Augmentation
Beam Radiation on Moving Surfaces
Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: Isotropic Sky
Average Radiation on Sloped Surfaces: KT Method
Effects of Receiving Surface Orientation on HT
Utilizability
Generalized Utilizability
Daily UtilizabilitySelected Heat Transfer Topics
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Photon Radiation
The Blackbody: Perfect Absorber and Emitter
Planck’s Law and Wien’s Displacement Law
Stefan-Boltzmann Equation
Radiation Tables
Radiation Intensity and Flux
Infrared Radiation Exchange between Gray Surfaces
Sky Radiation
Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
Natural Convection between Flat Parallel Plates and between Concentric Cylinders
Convection Suppression
Vee-Corrugated Enclosures
Heat Transfer Relations for Internal Flow
Wind Convection Coefficients
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Packed Beds and Perforated Plates
Effectiveness-NTU Calculations for Heat ExchangersRadiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials
Absorptance and Emittance
Kirchhoff’s Law
Reflectance of Surfaces
Relationships among Absorptance, Emittance, and Reflectance
Broadband Emittance and Absorptance
Calculation of Emittance and Absorptance
Measurement of Surface Radiation Properties
Selective Surfaces
Mechanisms of Selectivity
Optimum Properties
Angular Dependence of Solar Absorptance
Absorptance of Cavity Receivers
Specularly Reflecting SurfacesRadiation Transmission through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation
Reflection of Radiation
Absorption by Glazing
Optical Properties of Cover Systems
Transmittance for Diffuse Radiation
Transmittance-Absorptance Product
Angular Dependence of (τα)
Spectral Dependence of Transmittance
Effects of Surface Layers on Transmittance
Absorbed Solar Radiation
Monthly Average Absorbed Radiation
Absorptance of Rooms
Absorptance of Photovoltaic CellsFlat-Plate Collectors
Description of Flat-Plate Collectors
Basic Flat-Plate Energy Balance Equation
Temperature Distributions in Flat-Plate Collectors
Collector Overall Heat Loss Coefficient
Temperature Distribution between Tubes and the Collector Efficiency Factor
Temperature Distribution in Flow Direction
Collector Heat Removal Factor and Flow Factor
Critical Radiation Level
Mean Fluid and Plate Temperatures
Effective Transmittance-Absorptance Product
Effects of Dust and Shading
Heat Capacity Effects in Flat-Plate Collectors
Liquid Heater Plate Geometries
Air Heaters
Measurements of Collector Performance
Collector Characterizations
Collector Tests: Efficiency, Incidence Angle Modifier, and Time Constant
Test Data
Thermal Test Data Conversion
Flow Rate Corrections to FR(τα)n and FR UL
Flow Distribution in Collectors
In Situ Collector Performance
Practical Considerations for Flat-Plate Collectors
Putting it all TogetherConcentrating Collectors
Collector Configurations
Concentration Ratio
Thermal Performance of Concentrating Collectors
Optical Performance of Concentrating Collectors
Cylindrical Absorber Arrays
Optical Characteristics of Nonimaging Concentrators
Orientation and Absorbed Energy for CPC Collectors
Performance of CPC Collectors
Linear Imaging Concentrators: Geometry
Images Formed by Perfect Linear Concentrators
Images from Imperfect Linear Concentrators
Ray-Trace Methods for Evaluating Concentrators
Incidence Angle Modifiers and Energy Balances
Paraboloidal Concentrators
Central-Receiver Collectors
Practical ConsiderationsEnergy Storage
Process Loads and Solar Collector Outputs
Energy Storage in Solar Process Systems
Water Storage
Stratification in Storage Tanks
Packed-Bed Storage
Storage Walls
Seasonal Storage
Phase Change Energy Storage
Chemical Energy Storage
Battery StorageSolar Process Loads
Examples of Time-Dependent Loads
Hot-Water Loads
Space Heating Loads, Degree-Days, and Balance Temperature
Building Loss Coefficients
Building Energy Storage Capacity
Cooling Loads
Swimming Pool Heating LoadsSystem Thermal Calculations
Component Models
Collector Heat Exchanger Factor
Duct and Pipe Loss Factors
Controls
Collector Arrays: Series Connections
Performance of Partially Shaded Collectors
Series Arrays with Sections Having Different Orientations
Use of Modified Collector Equations
System Models
Solar Fraction and Solar Savings FractionSolar Process Economics
Costs of Solar Process Systems
Design Variables
Economic Figures of Merit
Discounting and Inflation
Present-Worth Factor
Life-Cycle Savings Method
Evaluation of Other Economic Indicators
The P1, P2 Method
Uncertainties in Economic Analyses
Economic Analysis Using Solar Savings FractionApplications
Solar Water Heating: Active and Passive
Water Heating Systems
Freezing, Boiling, and Scaling
Auxiliary Energy
Forced-Circulation Systems
Low-Flow Pumped Systems
Natural-Circulation Systems
ntegral Collector Storage Systems
Retrofit Water Heaters
Water Heating in Space Heating and Cooling Systems
Testing and Rating of Solar Water Heaters
Economics of Solar Water Heating
Swimming Pool HeatingBuilding Heating: Active
Historical Notes
Solar Heating Systems
CSU House III Flat-Plate Liquid System
CSU House II Air System
Heating System Parametric Study
Solar Energy–Heat Pump Systems
Phase Change Storage Systems
Seasonal Energy Storage Systems
Solar and Off-Peak Electric Systems
Solar System Overheating
Solar Heating Economics
Architectural ConsiderationsBuilding Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods
Concepts of Passive Heating
Comfort Criteria and Heating Loads
Movable Insulation and Controls
Shading: Overhangs and Wingwalls
Direct-Gain Systems
Collector-Storage Walls and Roofs
Sunspaces
Active Collection–Passive Storage Hybrid Systems
Other Hybrid Systems
Passive Applications
Heat Distribution in Passive Buildings
Costs and Economics of Passive HeatingSolar Cooling
Solar Absorption Cooling
Theory of Absorption Cooling
Combined Solar Heating and Cooling
Simulation Study of Solar Air Conditioning
Operating Experience with Solar Cooling
Applications of Solar Absorption Air Conditioning
Solar Desiccant Cooling
Ventilation and Recirculation Desiccant Cycles
Solar-Mechanical Cooling
Solar-Related Air Conditioning
Passive CoolingSolar Industrial Process Heat
Integration with Industrial Processes
Mechanical Design Considerations
Economics of Industrial Process Heat
Open-Circuit Air Heating Applications
Recirculating Air System Applications
Once-Through Industrial Water Heating
Recirculating Industrial Water Heating
Shallow-Pond Water HeatersSolar Thermal Power Systems
Thermal Conversion Systems
Gila Bend Pumping System
Luz Systems
Central-Receiver Systems
Solar One and Solar Two Power PlantsSolar Ponds: Evaporative Processes
Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds
Pond Theory
Applications of Ponds
Solar Distillation
Evaporation
Direct Solar DryingDesign MethodsSimulations in Solar Process Design
Simulation Programs
Utility of Simulations
Information from Simulations
TRNSYS: Thermal Process Simulation Program
Simulations and Experiments
Meteorological Data
Limitations of SimulationsDesign of Active Systems: f -Chart
Review of Design Methods
The f -Chart Method
The f -Chart for Liquid Systems
The f -Chart for Air Systems
Service Water Heating Systems
The f -Chart Results
Parallel Solar Energy-Heat Pump SystemsDesign of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods
Hourly Utilizability
Daily Utilizability
The φ, f -Chart MethodDesign of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems
Approaches to Passive Design
Solar-Load Ratio Method
Unutilizability Design Method: Direct Gain
Unutilizability Design Method: Collector-Storage Walls
Hybrid Systems: Active Collection with Passive Storage
Other Hybrid SystemsDesign of Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Converters
PV Generator Characteristics and Models
Cell Temperature
Load Characteristics and Direct-Coupled Systems
Controls and Maximum PowerPoint Trackers
Applications
Design Procedures
High-Flux PV GeneratorsWind EnergyWind Resource
One-Dimensional Wind Turbine Model
Estimating Wind Turbine Average Power and Energy ProductionAppendixes
A Problems
B Nomenclature
C International System of Units
D Meteorological Data
E Average Shading Factors for
Overhangs