Montemayor R. (ed.) Distillation and Vapor Pressure Measurement in Petroleum Products

ASTM International. 2008. — 148 p.This manual deals with the practice of distillation and vapor pressure measurement either in the laboratory or at on-line facilities. Although flammability characteristics of various petroleum products measured by flash point determination provide significant volatility information, this work specifically excludes discussion of flash point measurement because there is a separate manual currently being written on the subject of flash point measurement in petroleum products. The chapters that follow provide information and discussions on the different aspects of measuring distillation and vapor pressure characteristics, with the purpose of clarifying and providing a better understanding of the various test methods. This work focuses on current standard test methods used by practitioners of distillation and vapor pressure measurements in the petroleum industry world-wide. Specifically, the standard test methods discussed are American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) test methods, recognizing that there are equivalent and/or similar standard test methods in other countries as well. A cross reference of ASTM with other national standards from various countries (if known or available) are given in the appropriate chapters. The significance and use of the measured distillation and vapor pressure characteristics are covered in the chapters on specific petroleum products, such as spark-ignition engine fuels, diesel and other middle distillate fuels, aviation fuels, crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrocarbon solvents
Laboratory testing or measurement of the various properties and characteristics of various petroleum fractions and products serves to provide information about these materials, which can be used for research purposes, refinery plant
control, and verifying the conformance to specified values in product specifications. Necessarily, the complexity of the test methods used must be consistent with the accuracy required to provide convenient and timely data about the characteristics of the materials being tested. The test methods must be standardized so that reproducible results may be obtained by different operators in various region or parts of the world using similar test equipment. ASTM test methods are widely used all over the world, and the test methods and specifications covered in this work are prime examples of standardized test methods that have withstood the test of time since their early inception
This work is intended to be a hands-on, practical reference manual for test operators, laboratory technicians, laboratory technologists, research workers, laboratory managers, and others, who need to have a good understanding of the routine measurement test method and procedures used to determine the characteristics and properties of various petroleum products. There is no intention to elaborate the physical chemistry and thermodynamic concepts of these chemical properties. There are other works that deal with these properties in much greater technical detail, but such technical details are outside the scope of this manual. This manual aims to provide information that will be helpful for the practitioners of routine petroleum test measurements, provide better understanding of the standard test methods used to characterize these types of materials, and offer insight on how these measured properties apply to and affect the performance of these productsAcknowledgment Introduction and a Brief Historical Background, R. G. Montemayor
Coverage Of The Manual
Distillation Measurement
apor Pressure Measurement
Simulated Distillation Measurement
A Bit Of History
Distillation Measurement at Atmospheric Pressure
Distillation Measurement at Reduced Pressure
Simulated Distillation
Vapor Pressure Measurement
Distillation Measurement at Atmospheric Pressure, R. G. Montemayor
ASTM D86—Distillation At Atmospheric Pressure
Scope
Terminology
Summary of the Method
Significance and Use
Sampling
Group Characteristic
Sample Storage and Conditioning
Wet Samples
Manual and Automated D86 Apparatus
Distillation Flask
Flask Support Hole Dimension
Condenser and Cooling Systems
Heat Source and Heat Control
Temperature Measurement Device
Calibration
Temperature Measurement Device
Receiving Cylinder and Level Follower
Barometer or Pressure Measuring Device
Calculations
Correcting Temperature Readings to 101.3 kPa 760 mm Hg Pressure Device
Sample Calculation
Percent Total Recovery and Percent Loss
Corrected Percent Loss and Corrected Percent Recovery
Percent Evaporated and Percent Recovered
Temperature Readings at Prescribed Percent Evaporated
Percent Evaporated or Percent Recovered at a Prescribed Temperature Reading
Slope or Rate of Change of Temperature
Calculation of Precision
Report
Precision
Bias
ASTM D850 And D1078: Distillation At Atmospheric Pressure For Aromatic Materials
And Volatile Organic Solvents
ASTM D
ASTM D
Comparison Of ASTM D86, D850, And D
Potential Troubleshooting Guide
Safety
Statistical Quality Control
Cross-Reference Of Distillation At Atmospheric Pressure Test Methods
New Test Methods For Distillation At Atmospheric Pressure
Micro Method
Mini Method
ASTM D402 Distillation Of Cut-Back Asphaltic Product
Distillation Measurement at Reduced Pressure, R. M. Daane
Distillation Of Crude Petroleum By ASTM D
ntroduction
Field Of Application
mportant Parameters
Temperature
Distillation Pressure
Separation Sharpness Efficiency
Other Factors Affecting Results
Precisionacuum Distillation
ASTM DField of Application
mportant Parameters
Temperature
Distillation Pressure
Separation Sharpness
Other Factors
Boiling Point, TBP, and AET
Comparison of ASTM D5236 and D
Precision
ASTM D
ntroduction
Field of Application
Important Parameters
Temperature
Distillation Pressure
Volume Measurement
Precision
Accuracy
Closing Remarks
Simulated Distillation Measurement, D. S. WorkmanGas Chromatography and Simulated Distillation
ASTM Simulated Distillation Methods
mportant Considerations
nstrument Requirements
Column Selection
Carrier Gas Flow Control
Data Collection
Analysis Software
Data Interpretation
Comparison To Physical Distillation TBP
Correlations Using Simulated Distillation Data
D86 Correlated Data from D2887 Data
Correlation of Flash Point and D
Future Work In The Area Of Simulated Distillation
Accelerated Simulated Distillation
apor Pressure Measurement, R. G. Montemayor
ASTM D323—Vapor Pressure Measurement By The Reid Method †2‡
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus
Sampling
Calibration
Report, Precision, and Bias
ASTM D4953—Vapor Pressure By The Dry Reid Method †5‡
Scope
Summary of the Test Method, Significance and Use, and Apparatus
Precision and Bias
ASTM D5191—Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products „Mini Method… †5‡
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus
Sampling and Sample Handling
Calibration
Calculation
Report, Precision, and Bias
ASTM D5190—Vapor Pressure Of Petroleum Products „Automatic Method… †5‡
Summary of the Test Method
Apparatus
Calibration
Calculation
Precision and Bias
ASTM D5482—Vapor Pressure Of Petroleum Products „Mini Method-Atmospheric…
Summary of the Test Method
Apparatus
Calculation
Precision and Bias
ASTM D6377—Vapor Pressure Of Crude Oil: VPCRX „Expansion Method…
Scope
Terminology
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus and Calibration
Sampling
Report, Precision, and Bias
ASTM D6378—Vapor Pressure „VPX… Of Petroleum Products, Hydrocarbons, And Hydrocarbon-Oxygenate
Mixtures „Triple Expansion Method…
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus and Calibration
Sampling and Sample Handling
Calculation
Report, Precision, and Bias
Proposed Revision to D6378 Being Considered
ASTM D1267—Vapor Pressure Of Liquefied Petroleum „LP… Gases „LP-Gas Method… †2‡
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus
Sampling and Calculation
Report, Precision, and Bias
ASTM D6897—Vapor Pressure Of Liquefied Petroleum Gases „LPG… „Expansion Method… †9‡
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Apparatus and Calibration
Calculation, Report, Precision, and Bias
apor-Liquid Ratio Temperature Measurements
ASTM D2533—Vapor-Liquid Ratio of Spark-Ignition Fuels 2
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test Method
Critical Apparatus, Calibration, Sampling, and Sample Handling
Calculation, Report, Precision, and Bias
ASTM D5188—Vapor-Liquid Ratio Temperature of Fuels Evacuated Chamber Method
Scope
Summary and Significance of the Test
Apparatus, Calibration, Sampling, and Sample Handling
Calculation, Report, Precision, and Bias
Other Vapor Pressure Measurements
ASTM D2878—Estimating Apparent Vapor Pressures and Molecular Weights of Lubricating Oils 4
ASTM D2879—Vapor Pressure-Temperature Relationship and Initial Decomposition Temperature
of Liquids by Isoteniscope 4
ASTM E1194—Vapor Pressure 12
ASTM E1719—Vapor Pressure of Liquids by Ebulliometry 13
Comparison Of Vapor Pressure And Vapor/Liquid Ratio Test Methods
Cross-Reference Of ASTM Vapor Pressure Methods With Other International Standards
An Overview of On-Line Measurement for Distillation and Vapor Pressure, A. T. C. Lau
and M. A. Collier
Sample Transport Module
Sample Conditioning Module
Analysis and Report Module
Sample Disposal Module
Performance Validation of On-Line Analytical Instrumentation Systems
Atmospheric Distillation
acuum Distilation
Simulated Distillation
Reid Vapor Pressure
Absolute Vapor Pressure
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Crude Oil, R. G. Montemayor
ntroduction †1–3‡
Distillation Data of Crude Oil
apor Pressure Data of Crude Oils †9,10‡
API Nomographs and True Vapor Pressure TVP 15
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data in Spark-Ignition Fuels, B. R. Bonazza and L. M. Gibbs
ntroduction
apor Pressure
Distillation
Driveability Index
apor-Liquid Ratio
apor-Lock Index „VLI
olatility and Performance
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Diesel Fuels, R. G. Montemayor
ntroduction and History †1,2‡
Diesel Engine Applications
Grades and Specification of Diesel Fuel
Distillation Data of Diesel Fuels
apor Pressure Data of Diesel Fuels
Distillation and Vapor Pressure in Aviation Fuels, K. H. Strauss
Aviation Gasoline
Distillation
apor Pressure
Aviation Gasoline Versus Motor Gasoline
Quality Protection of Aviation Gasoline Volatility
Non-Petroleum Fuels for Reciprocating Aircraft Engines
Aviation Turbine Fuels
olatility of Military Fuels
olatility of Civil Fuels
apor Pressure
Quality Protection of Aviation Turbine Fuel Volatility
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data of Solvents, R. G. Montemayor and J. W. Young
Solvents
Characterization of Solvent Volatility
Solvent Types
Hydrocarbon Solvents
Heteroatom-Containing Hydrocarbon Solvents
Hydrocarbon Solvents
Naphtha
Mineral Spirits
Low Boiling Aliphatic Solvents
Naphthenic/Cycloparaffinic Solvents
soparaffinic Solvents
Aromatic Solvents
Heteroatom-Containing Hydrocarbon Solvents
Oxygenated Solvents
Chlorinated and Other Heteroatom-Containing Hydrocarbon Solvents
Distillation Specifications in Solvents
Significance of Distillation Data for Solvents
Significance of Vapor Pressure Date of Solvents
Distillation and Vapor Pressure Data in Liquefied Petroleum Gas „LPG…, R. J. Falkiner
and R. G. Montemayor
ntroduction
History—LPG Properties and Thermodynamics
Distillation and Composition of LPG by Low Temperature Fractional Distillation
Composition by GC
apor Pressure
History
Testing
Quality Protection of LPG Volatility
Appendix, R. G. Montemayor