Extrapolation of Radiation-Induced Cancer Risks from Nonhuman Experimental Systems to Humans

NCRP Report № 150 - NCRP, 2005. - 278 p.This Report reviews the scientific issues associated with the extrapolation of radiation-induced cancer risks from nonhuman experimental systems to humans. The basic principles of radiation effects at the molecular and cellular level are examined with emphasis on comparisons among various species including humans. These comparisons among species are then continued for cancers of similar cell types in the same organ system. Risk estimates are made from an observed level of effect as a function of organ dose. The major organ systems are individually considered. Extrapolation models are reviewed and include external and internal radiation exposures.History of Extrapolation: Nonhuman Experimental Systems to Humans
Lessons Learned from Genetic Risks
Somatic Risks
Tissue and Organ Differences Among Species with Emphasis on the Cells of Origin of Cancers.
Hematopoietic System
Lung
Breast
Thyroid
Skin.
Gastrointestinal Tract
Bone
Radiation Effects at the Molecular and Cellular Levels
Effects of Ionizing Radiations at the Molecular Level.
Effects of Ionizing Radiations at the Cellular Level
Extrapolation Models
Interspecies Correlations of Chemical Toxicities
Interspecies Prediction of Summary Measures of Mortality: Relative Risk Models
Interspecies Correlations of Radiation Effects
Interspecies Prediction of Age-Specific Mortality
Extrapolation of Dose-Rate Effectiveness Factors
Extrapolation of Results for Internally-Deposited
Radionuclides from Laboratory Animals to Humans