Brown Robert C. (ed.) Thermochemical Processing of Biomass: Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and Power

John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2011. — 347 p. — ISBN: 978-0-470-72111-7.Thermochemical pathways for biomass conversion offer opportunities for rapid and efficient processing of diverse feedstocks into fuels, chemicals and power. Thermochemical processing has several advantages relative to biochemical processing, including greater feedstock flexibility, conversion of both carbohydrate and lignin into products, faster reaction rates, and the ability to produce a diverse selection of fuels.Thermochemical Processing of Biomass examines the large number of possible pathways for converting biomass into fuels, chemicals and power through the use of heat and catalysts. The book presents a practical overview of the latest research in this rapidly developing field, highlighting the fundamental chemistry, technical applications and operating costs associated with thermochemical conversion strategies.Bridging the gap between research and practical application, this book is written for engineering professionals in the biofuels industry, as well as academic researchers working in bioenergy, bioprocessing technology and chemical engineering.Topics covered include:CombustionGasificationFast PyrolysisHydrothermal ProcessingUpgrading Syngas and Bio-oilCatalytic Conversion of Sugars to FuelsHybrid Thermochemical/Biochemical ProcessingEconomics of Thermochemical ConversionFor more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable ResourcesSeries Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Contributors
Introduction to Thermochemical Processing of Biomass into Fuels, Chemicals, and Power
Robert C. BrownDirect Combustion
Gasification
Fast Pyrolysis
Hydrothermal Processing
Hydrolysis to Sugars
Technoeconomic AnalysisBiomass Combustion
Bryan M. Jenkins, Larry L. Baxter and Jaap Koppejan NomenclatureCombustion Systems
Fuels
Types of Combustor
Fundamentals of Biomass Combustion
Combustion Properties of Biomass
Combustion Stoichiometry
Equilibrium
Rates of Reaction
Pollutant Emissions and Environmental Impacts
Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
Products of Incomplete Combustion
Particulate Matter
Dioxin-like Compounds
Heavy Metals
Radioactive Species
Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGasification
Richard L. Bain and Karl BroerFundamentals of Gasification
Heating and Drying
Pyrolysis
Gas–Solid Reactions
Gas-phase Reactions
Feed Properties
Classifying Gasifiers According to Method of Heating
Air-blown Gasifiers
Steam/Oxygen-blown Gasifiers
Indirectly Heated Gasifiers
Classifying Gasifiers According to Transport Processes
Fixed Bed
Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB)
Entrained Flow
Pressurized Gasification
Product Composition
Char and Tar
System Applications
Process Heat
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Synthetic FuelsSyngas Cleanup, Conditioning, and Utilization
David C. Dayton, Brian Turk and Raghubir GuptaSyngas Cleanup and Conditioning
Particulates
Sulfur
Ammonia Decomposition and HCN Removal
Alkalis and Heavy Metals
Chlorides
Tars
Syngas Utilization
Syngas to Gaseous Fuels
Syngas to Liquid Fuels
Summary and ConclusionsFast Pyrolysis
Robbie H. Venderbosch and Wolter PrinsFundamentals of Pyrolysis
Effect of Ash
Bio-oil Properties
Composition and Stability
Fast Pyrolysis Process Technologies
Entrained Downflow
Ablative Reactor
Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB)
Moving-grate Vacuum Pyrolysis
Rotating-cone Pyrolyzer
Bio-oil Fuel Applications
Gas Turbines
Gasification
Transportation Fuels
Chemicals from Bio-oil
Whole Bio-oil
Fractions of Bio-oil
Concluding Remarks AcknowledgementsUpgrading Fast Pyrolysis Liquids
Anthony V. Bridgwater
Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis and Bio-oilBio-oil General Characteristics
Liquid Characteristics and Quality
Significant Factors Affecting Characteristics
Feed Material
Reactors
Norms and Standards
Bio-oil Upgrading
Acidity or Low pH
Aging
Alkali Metals
Char
Chlorine
Color
Contamination of Feed
Distillability
High Viscosity
Inhomogeneity
Low H:C Ratio
Low pH
Materials Incompatibility
Miscibility with Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen
Other Solid Particulates, Excluding Char
Oxygen Content
Phase Separation or Inhomogeneity
Smell
Structure of Bio-oil
Sulfur
Temperature Sensitivity
Toxicity
Viscosity
Water Content
Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil
Physical Upgrading of Bio-oil
Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil
Other Methods for Chemical Upgrading of Bio-oil
Hydrogen
Chemicals
ConclusionsHydrothermal Processing
Douglas C. ElliottBackground
Why Hydrothermal Processing?
History of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process Development
History of Hydrothermal Gasification Process Development
Fundamentals
Subcritical Processing in the Liquid Phase
Supercritical Processing in the Vapor Phase
Hydrothermal Liquefaction
State of Technology
Process Descriptions
Product Evaluation
Product Utilization
Process Mechanism Evaluations
Recent Fundamental Evaluations
Conclusions Relative to Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Hydrothermal Gasification
State of Technology
Process Description
Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification
Hydrothermal Gasification in Supercritical Water
Conclusions Relative to Hydrothermal Gasification
Pumping Biomass into Hydrothermal Processing Systems
Conclusions of Hydrothermal ProcessingCatalytic Conversion of Sugars to Fuels
Geoffrey A. Tompsett, Ning Li and George W. HuberOverview
Desired Targets and Overall Reactions
Thermodynamics of Chemistry Conversion
Chemistry of Sugars
Hydrogen from Sugars
Overall Reaction and Thermodynamics
Reaction Mechanism
Aqueous-Phase Reforming
Supercritical Reactions – Reforming of Sugars
Sugar to Light Alkanes
Overall Reaction and Thermodynamics
Dehydration of Sugars
Hydrogenation Reactions of Sugars
Combined Dehydration/Hydrogenation
Sugars to Oxygenates
Targeted Products and Thermodynamics
Biphasic Dehydration Reactions (HMF and Furfural Production)
Hydrogenation
Other Oxygenate Fuels from Sugars
Sugars to Larger Alkanes
Overall Reaction and Chemistry
C–C Bond Formation
Hydrogenation/Dehydration
Sugar Conversion to Aromatics
Overall Reaction and Thermodynamics
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis
Aromatics from Sugar Fragments in the Aqueous Phase
Conclusions and Summary
AcknowledgementsHybrid Processing
DongWon Choi, Alan A. DiSpirito, David C. Chipman and Robert C. BrownBiorefineries
Hybrid Thermochemical/Biochemical Processing
Syngas Fermentation
Catalytic Conversions of Syngas: Chemical Versus Biological
Fermentation of Syngas
Microbial CO Metabolism
Microbial H2 Metabolism
Microbial CH4 Metabolism
Photosynthetic CO2 Metabolism
Current Industrial Progress of Syngas Fermentation
Problems and Future Perspectives
Bio-oil Fermentation
Levoglucosan Utilizers
Current Status of Levoglucosan Fermentation
Future PerspectivesCosts of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Power and Liquid Fuels
Mark M. Wright and Robert C. BrownElectric Power Generation
Direct Combustion to Power
Gasification to Power
Fast Pyrolysis to Power
Liquid Fuels via Gasification
Gasification to Hydrogen
Gasification to Methanol
Gasification to Mixed Alcohols
Gasification to Fischer–Tropsch Liquids
Gasification and Syngas Fermentation to PHA and Co-Product Hydrogen
Liquid Fuels via Fast Pyrolysis
Bio-oil Fermentation to Ethanol
Bio-oil Upgrading to Gasoline and Diesel
Bio-oil Gasification to Liquid Fuels
Summary and Conclusions